Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 4

The Surprising Connection Between Universal
School Meals and Student Discipline
Free meals also appear to reduce
bullying and end stigma among
low-income students
By Arianna Prothero
For Raniya Fisher, a senior at
Ridgeland High School in Mississippi,
lunchtime is about more than
eating-it's a time to recharge and
build relationships.
Raniya, who plays basketball, eats
in the gym with her teammates as a
way to build team cohesion. But she
still goes to the cafeteria for a free
meal, where she looks forward to her
daily chats with the lunch ladies.
Raniya qualifies for free- and reduced-priced
lunch, but she knows
people at her school who don't and
struggle to afford lunch. She thinks
school meals should be free for everyone.
" If
you don't eat at lunch you are
just starving, and little things like
that are a distraction, " she said. " The
teacher could ask you one simple
question, and you get mad, and you
could get in it with the teacher because
you didn't eat lunch! You might
be a little sleepy, but [when] you're
full, you're in a positive attitude and
ready to do your work. "
Now, a body of research supports
the idea that giving free school meals
to all students can be an important
ingredient to nurturing a healthy
school climate. Among new significant
findings: The policy is linked
to lower discipline rates among students
because it reduces the stigma
around receiving subsidized meals.
Whether it's from the sustenance
or the sense of community they provide,
universal lunch appears to support
many of the factors that make
for a positive school climate, such as
reducing discipline rates, tamping
down on bullying, improving attendance,
and alleviating the stigma for
students from low-income families.
" There is a very important social
dimension, which is when you are
in the lunchroom, [universal meals]
take away this mechanism of pointing
out who is poor, " said Amy
Schwartz, a professor in the Joseph
R. Biden School of Public Policy and
Administration at the University of
Delaware. " Instead, you say, 'we're
at school, we eat together, and this is
what we eat.' "
Students who are hungry have a
harder time paying attention, and are
more likely to act up in class, which
affects both their ability to learn and
behave, said Schwartz, who has studied
the effects of universal free school
meal programs in New York City. And
there are a lot of students whose families
make too much money to qualify
for free- and reduced-priced meals
but still struggle to afford food.
Taking away that stigma of qualifying
for free and reduced priced meals
may also drive down discipline rates.
Students-and teachers-can
usually figure out who is getting
subsidized meals from school, said
Thurston Domina, a professor at the
University of North Carolina's school
of education.
" We've got good research to suggest
that students see that and that
they associate school meals with poverty, "
Domina said. " And we've got
good research to suggest that stigma
associated with poverty carries with
students throughout the school day. "
Changing behavior-and
perceptions
To isolate whether the stigma of
receiving free and reduced-priced
meals played a role in discipline rates,
Domina and researchers from the U.S.
Census Bureau examined schools in
Oregon, comparing those that started
offering universal free school meals
through the federal school meals program's
community eligibility provision
to those that did not. By linking
school data on free and reduced-price
lunch enrollment and discipline referrals
to data from the census and tax
records, they were able to get a granular
look at how the policy affected different
students.
Complicating matters, students
who do qualify for free or subsidized
meals may not be receiving them,
and, conversely, sometimes students
whose families are too wealthy to
qualify still end up enrolled in the federal
meal program.
Providing universal free meals had
the biggest effect on discipline rates,
lowering them among kids who had
received free- and reduced-priced
meals prior to the adoption of the
policy, and regardless of whether they
were actually low-income or not, Domina
said. That means it's likely that
removing the stigma of being labeled
a poor kid is what drove down suspensions
among those kids.
Removing that label may affect
students' behavior, he said, but it can
also change teachers' perceptions of
their students, leading to fewer suspensions.
In
Domina's view, " I think our findings
are really encouraging for efforts
to get free meals to more students, "
he said. " I think getting nutrition into
kids' bodies is just a good thing for
a society to do. And I think that our
research suggests that doing so can
help create happier and healthier and
more egalitarian social environments
in schools. "
Universal free school meals can also
help improve attendance rates, said
Schwartz, for a couple of different reasons:
Attending and eating at school
means families spend less money on
groceries at home. A positive lunchroom
experience free of stigma contributes
to a better social experience
overall, which means they might be
more likely to be engaged in school
and show up, Schwartz said.
" This isn't the solution to our attendance
problem, this isn't the silver
bullet, but you expect that it would
help. Free school meals are the gift
that keeps on giving in a bunch of different
dimensions, " she said.
Additional research has found that
universal free lunches may reduce bullying.
And all of that contributes to a
positive school climate, Schwartz said.
Chris Young, the principal of North
Country Union High School in rural
Vermont, can't think of a particular
instance of a student getting bullied
for eating school meals, but his sense
is that students internalized the label
that they were poor.
" It would be hard to connect what a
student is feeling to any behaviors-it
could go either way, " he said. " They
might act out, but they might be much
more likely to be withdrawn and go
into their shell. "
Kids who didn't qualify for free
school meals often brought leftovers
from home or went out for fast food,
while students from low-income families
sat in the lunchroom with cafeteria
trays, Young said.
But now his school provides free
breakfast and lunch to all students regardless
of income. Vermont is among
a small number of states, including
California, Minnesota, and Massachusetts,
that adopted universal free
school meals following the pandemic.
Using the lunchroom to improve
school climate
Now that meals are free for all students,
even those kids who can afford
to eat out usually opt for the free meal,
Young said.
" Kids are like, oh, well, if the meal
is free, I'm just doing [that], " he said,
and it's improving the school's culture.
" It's much more of a community
when more kids are taking advantage
of the school lunch program. "
Young has leveraged the lunchroom
in other ways to bolster his schools'
climate. When students returned to
full-time in-person learning followWHAT
THE
RESEARCH SAYS
Inconsistent Sleep Patterns
In High School Linked
To Academic Struggles
By Sarah D. Sparks
From homework and studying to sports, clubs, and parttime
jobs, students often maintain packed and constantly
shifting schedules in high school. But those schedules can
keep students from getting to bed at a consistent time.
New research in Sleep, the peer-reviewed journal of the
Sleep Research Society, suggests irregular sleep-not just
overall amount-can play a significant role in students'
academic and behavior problems in high school.
The study was part of ongoing research funded by the
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
using data from the longitudinal Future of Families and
Child Well-Being study, which tracks the development of
5,000 urban children from birth to age 22. In the current
study, Stony Brook University researchers led by Gina Marie
Mathew and Lauren Hale analyzed data from about 800
teenagers who reported their school grades and behavior and
also wore wrist devices that allowed researchers to track their
sleep patterns over several days.
Across the board, the teenagers were sleep deprived. On
average, they got about 7.5 hours of sleep a night-somewhat
normal for adults but about 1.5 hours less than the American
Academy of Pediatrics recommends for adolescents.
A separate 2023 study from the federal Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention found students who get at least eight
hours of sleep a night have better mental health and academic
achievement. But prior studies find teenagers' sleep habits
have grown less consistent and late-night screen time has
risen in the last decade.
While adults (including teachers and principals) can also
suffer from irregular sleep, high schoolers are particularly
vulnerable, Mathew said, because sleep cycles naturally
change during adolescence.
" Instead of wanting to go to bed at nine, you could want to
sleep but only at 11:00 p.m. or maybe even 12:00 a.m., " she
said. " But then, especially if you have an early school start
time, you'll get short sleep during the school week and then on
FPO
the weekend try to make it up by sleeping in later. And so this
shifting of bedtimes and wake times across the week increases
sleep variability. "
However, researchers found students' sleep schedules were
much more closely linked to their academic progress and
behavior than the overall amount they slept. In particular,
students who more frequently went to bed later or varied the
number of hours they slept earned an A in fewer classes by the
end of the year. Students with more irregular sleep were also
more likely to earn a D or worse in multiple classes by the end of
the year.
Students who slept inconsistent hours were also more
likely to report getting in trouble at school and were more
likely to have been suspended or expelled in the last two
years.
4 | EDUCATION WEEK | May 8, 2024 | www.edweek.org
Vanessa Solis/Education Week via Canva
http://www.edweek.org

Education Week - May 8, 2024

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Education Week - May 8, 2024

Education Week - May 8, 2024
Briefly Stated
The Surprising Connection Between Universal School Meals and Student Discipline
What the Research Says
When There’s More Money for Schools, Is There an ‘Objective’ Way to Hand It Out?
Can SEL Help Students Curb Their Own Cellphone Use?
This Is the Surprising Career Stage When Teachers Are Unhappiest
A Deep Dive Into TikTok’s Sketchy Mental Health Advice
Oxford School Shooter’s Parents Were Convicted. Holding the District Liable Could Be Tougher
How Columbine Shaped 25 Years of School Safety
25 Years After Columbine, America Spends Billions To Prevent Shootings That Keep Happening
How a School Made Parents Central To Its Turnaround
Reading Fluency: The Neglected Key To Reading Success
No, AI Detection Won’t Solve Cheating
Letters to the Editor
EdWeek Top School Jobs
Stop Saying ‘These Kids Don’t Care About School’
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - Education Week - May 8, 2024
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - CW2
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 1
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - Briefly Stated
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 3
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - What the Research Says
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 5
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - When There’s More Money for Schools, Is There an ‘Objective’ Way to Hand It Out?
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 7
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - Can SEL Help Students Curb Their Own Cellphone Use?
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 9
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - This Is the Surprising Career Stage When Teachers Are Unhappiest
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 11
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 12
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 13
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - A Deep Dive Into TikTok’s Sketchy Mental Health Advice
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 15
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - Oxford School Shooter’s Parents Were Convicted. Holding the District Liable Could Be Tougher
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 17
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - How Columbine Shaped 25 Years of School Safety
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 19
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 25 Years After Columbine, America Spends Billions To Prevent Shootings That Keep Happening
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 21
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 22
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 23
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - How a School Made Parents Central To Its Turnaround
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 25
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 26
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - 27
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - Reading Fluency: The Neglected Key To Reading Success
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - No, AI Detection Won’t Solve Cheating
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - Letters to the Editor
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - EdWeek Top School Jobs
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - Stop Saying ‘These Kids Don’t Care About School’
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - CW3
Education Week - May 8, 2024 - CW4
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07172024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06192024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06122024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05292024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05222024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05082024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04242024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04172024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04032024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03202024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03132024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03062024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02212024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02142024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02072024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01312024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01242024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01172024
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12132023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11152023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11012023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10252023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10112023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10042023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09272023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09202023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09132023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08302023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08282023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08142023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07122023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06142023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06072023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05312023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05172023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05102023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05032023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04262023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04052023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03292023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03222023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03152023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03082023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03012023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02222023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02152023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02082023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02012023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01252023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01182023
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12142022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12072022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11302022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11232022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11162022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11022022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10262022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10192022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10122022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10052022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09282022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09212022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09142022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04242013_unprotected
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08072013_old
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08172016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09072022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08312022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08242022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08172022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07132022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06152022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06082022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06012022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05112022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05042022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04272022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04132022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04062022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03302022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03232022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03162022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03092022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03022022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02232022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02162022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02092022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02022022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01192022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01122022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01052022
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12082021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12012021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11242021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11172021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11032021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10272021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10202021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10112021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10062021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09292021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09222021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09152021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09082021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09012021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08252021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08182021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07142021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06162021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06092021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06022021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04282021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05122021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05052021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04212021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04142021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03312021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03242021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03172021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03102021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03032021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02242021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02172021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02102021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02032021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01202021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01132021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01062021
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12092020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12022020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11252020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11182020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11042020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10282020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10212020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10142020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10072020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09302020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09232020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09162020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09092020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09022020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08262020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08192020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07152020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06172020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06102020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06042020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06032020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05132020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05062020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04292020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04082020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04012020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03252020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03182020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03112020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03042020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02262020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02192020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02122020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02052020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01222020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01152020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01082020
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12112019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12042019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11272019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11132019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11062019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10302019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10232019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10162019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10092019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10022019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09252019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09182019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09112019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09042019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08282019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08212019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07172019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06192019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06122019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06032019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05152019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05082019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05012019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04242019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04172019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04102019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04032019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03202019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03132019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03062019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02272019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02202019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02132019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02062019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01232019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01162019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01092019
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12122018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12052018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11282018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11142018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11072018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10312018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10242018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10172018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10102018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10032018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09262018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09192018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09122018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09052018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08292018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08222018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07182018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06202018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06132018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06062018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05302018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05232018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05162018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05092018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05022018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04252018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04182018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04112018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04042018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03212018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03072018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_03072018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02282018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02212018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02142018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02072018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01242018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01172018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01102018
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12132017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11292017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11152017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11082017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11012017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10252017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10182017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10112017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10042017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09272017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09202017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09132017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09062017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08302017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08232017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07192017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06212017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06142017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06072017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05312017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05242017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05172017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05102017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04262017specialreport
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04262017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04192017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04052017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03292017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03222017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03082017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03012017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02222017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02152017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02082017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01252017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01252017specialreport
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01182017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01042017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12142016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12142016v2
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11302016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11162016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11092016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11022016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10262016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10192016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10122016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10052016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09282016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09212016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09142016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09072016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08312016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08242016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08032016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08032016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07202016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01112017
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06082016
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/tc_06092016
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/dc_06022016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06012016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05182016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_05112016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05112016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04272016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04202016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04132016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03302016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_03302016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03232016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03162016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03092016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02242016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02242016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02172016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02102016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_01272016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01272016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01202016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_01132016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01132016
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/qc_01072016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01062016
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12092015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12022015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_11112015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11112015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11042015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10282015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10212015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10212015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10142015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10072015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09302015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_09302015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09232015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09162015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09092015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08262015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08192015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08052015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07082015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06102015
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/tc_06112015
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/dc_06042015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06032015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05202015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_05132015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05132015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05062015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04222015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_04152015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04152015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04012015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03252015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_03182015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03182015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03042015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02252015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02252015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02182015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02182015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02042015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01282015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01212015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_01212015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01142015
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/qc_01082015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01072015
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12102014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12032014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11122014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_11122014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11052014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10292014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10222014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10222014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10152014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10082014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10012014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10012014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09242014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09172014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09102014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08272014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08202014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_08202014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08062014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07092014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06112014_v2
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06112014
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/dc_06052014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06042014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05212014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05142014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05072014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_04232014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04232014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04162014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04022014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03262014
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/tc_20140313
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03122014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_03052014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03052014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02262014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02192014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02192014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01292014_v2
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02052014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01292014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01222014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01152014
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/qc_01092014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01082014
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12112013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12042013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11132013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11062013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10302013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10302013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10232013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10162013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10092013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10022013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10022013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09252013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09182013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09112013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08282013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_08212013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08212013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08072013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07102013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06122013
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/dc_06062013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06052013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_05222013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05222013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05152013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05082013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_04242013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04242013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04172013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04032013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03272013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03132013
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/tc_20130314
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03062013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02272013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02202013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02202013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02062013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02062013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01302013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01232013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01162013
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/qc_01102013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01092013
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12122012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12052012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_11142012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11142012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11072012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10312012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10242012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10242012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10172012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10102012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10032012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09262012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09192012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09122012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08292012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_08222012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08222012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_20120829
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_08292012
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_20120822_v2
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_20120822
https://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_test
http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/diplomascount_2012issue34
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com