Education Week - November 23, 2022 - 9

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP,
Management, and Circulation
(Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685)
More than 80 percent of districts,
for example, ban head coverings
such as hats, hoodies, bandanas,
and scarves, but only one-third of
these dress codes specify that they
allow religious exemptions, and
a few include cultural or medical
exemptions. Fifty-nine percent
also contain rules about students'
hair, hairstyles, and hair coverings,
which may disproportionately impact
Black students, according to
researchers and the district officials
that GAO staff interviewed.
For example, 44 percent of districts
with dress codes ban hair
wraps, with some specifically
naming durags, which are popular
among African Americans for protecting
curls or kinky hair, or other
styles of hair wraps.
The report also cites dress codes
with rules specific to natural, textured
hair, which disproportionately affect
Black students. For example, one district
prohibited hair with " excessive
curls " and another stated that " hair
may be no deeper than two inches
when measured from the scalp, " according
to the report.
Pavlakis said while the report did
not contain details about how dress
codes affect transgender, gendernonconforming,
and nonbinary students,
it's an important aspect of their
inequitable nature.
How districts enforce dress codes
About 60 percent of dress codes
make staff members measure students'
bodies and clothing to check
adherence to codes-which may involve
adults touching students. An
estimated 93 percent of dress codes
also contain rules with subjective language
that leave decisions about dress
code compliance open to interpretation,
the report says. The interpretations
often target LGBTQ and Black
students, according to experts quoted
in the GAO report.
Schools that enroll predominantly
students of color are more likely to enforce
strict dress codes, and also more
likely to remove students from class
for violating them. This is particularly
concerning because more than 81 percent
of predominantly Black schools
(where Black students make up more
than 75 percent of the population) and
nearly 63 of predominantly Hispanic
schools enforce a strict dress code,
compared to about 35 percent of predominantly
white schools.
" When we take away that instructional
time because they're wearing
leggings, we are doing our students
a disservice, " Pavlakis said. " And at
the end of the day, we're doing our
Black and brown students a bigger
disservice than anyone else. "
The report also found that schools
with a larger number of economically
disadvantaged students are
more likely to enforce strict dress
codes. Dress codes can be challenging
for low-income families
to adhere to, especially if they're
required to buy specific clothing
items, such as uniforms, or can only
allow their children to have hairstyles
approved by schools, experts
quoted in the report said.
Finally, schools that enforce strict
dress codes are associated with statistically
significant, higher rates
of exclusionary discipline-that is,
punishments that remove students
from the classroom, such as inschool
suspensions, out-of-school
suspensions, and expulsions.
That means students of color and
poor students-most specifically,
Black girls-are most likely to face
consequences for violating school
dress codes, causing them to miss
class time. The more class they
miss, the more likely it is that they
will fall behind in school.
While dress code violations do not
often result directly in exclusionary
discipline such as suspensions and
expulsions, an estimated 44 percent
of dress codes outlined " informal "
removal policies, such as taking a
student out of class without documenting
it as a suspension.
Districts also commonly list some
consequences for violations of their
dress code policies, such as requiring
students to change clothes, imposing
detention, and calling parents
or guardians.
" In order for students to get to
the point where they can learn,
they need to feel a sense of belonging.
They need to feel cared for and
loved, " Pavlakis said.
" If we spend part of our day telling
students, 'you don't look the right
way. You're not dressed the right
way, you could be unsafe because
you have a hat or a hood on,' kids
aren't going to feel loved, supported,
[or] a sense of belonging. "
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EDUCATION WEEK | November 23, 2022 | www.edweek.org | 9

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Education Week - November 23, 2022

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