Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 36

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EDUCATION WEEK | January 7, 2016

SOURCES & NOTES
CHANCE FOR SUCCESS
EARLY FOUNDATIONS
Family Income: Percent of dependent children
(under 18 years of age) who live in above-low-income
families. Low income is defined as 200 percent of the
federal poverty level, which depends on the size and
composition of the family. Education Week Research
Center analysis of data from the U.S. Census
Bureau's American Community Survey, 2014.
Parent Education: Percent of dependent children
with at least one parent who holds a two- or four-year
postsecondary degree. Ibid.
Parental Employment: Percent of dependent children
with at least one parent who is steadily employed,
defined as working full time (at least 35 hours per
week) and year-round (at least 50 weeks during
the previous year). Those not in the labor force are
excluded from calculations. Active-duty military
service is considered participation in the labor force.
Ibid.
Linguistic Integration: Percent of dependent children
whose parents are fluent speakers of English.
Fluency is defined as being a native speaker or
speaking the language "very well." All resident
parents must be fluent in English for a family to be
considered linguistically integrated. Ibid.

SCHOOL YEARS
Preschool Enrollment: Percent of 3- and 4-year-olds
who are attending preschool, based on a three-year
average. Both public and private education programs
are counted. Education Week Research Center
analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau's
American Community Survey, 2012, 2013, and 2014.
Kindergarten Enrollment: Percent of eligible children
attending public or private kindergarten programs,
based on a three-year average. The size of the
entering kindergarten cohort is calculated based on
the number of 5- and 6-year-olds in a state. Ibid.
Elementary Reading Achievement: Percent of 4th
graders in public schools who scored at or above the
"proficient" level in reading on the 2015 State NAEP
assessment. National Assessment of Educational
Progress, National Center for Education Statistics,
U.S. Department of Education, 2015.
Middle School Mathematics Achievement: Percent
of 8th graders in public schools who scored at or
above the "proficient" level in mathematics on the
2015 State NAEP assessment. Ibid.
High School Graduation Rate: Percent of public
high school students who graduated on time with a
standard diploma for the 2011-12 school year. The
graduation rate is calculated using the Averaged
Freshman Graduation Rate (AFGR). National Center
for Education Statistics, Public High School FourYear-On-Time Graduation Rates and Event Dropout
Rates: School Years 2010-11 and 2011-12, April
2014.
Young-Adult Education: Percent of young adults
(ages 18 to 24) who either are currently enrolled in a
postsecondary education program or have already

earned a postsecondary credential. Those still
enrolled in high school programs are excluded from
the calculation. Education Week Research Center
analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau's
American Community Survey, 2014.

ADULT OUTCOMES
Adult Educational Attainment: Percent of adults
(ages 25 to 64) who have earned a postsecondary
degree. Calculations include all individuals whose
highest level of attained education is an associate,
bachelor's, graduate, or professional degree. Ibid.
Annual Income: Percent of adults (ages 25 to 64)
whose annual personal income reaches or exceeds
the national median ($38,320 in 2014 dollars).
Only individuals in the labor force are included in
calculations. Ibid.
Steady Employment: Percent of adults (ages 25 to
64) who are steadily employed, defined as working
full time (at least 35 hours per week) and year-round
(at least 50 weeks during the previous year). Those
not in the labor force are excluded from calculations.
Active-duty military service is considered
participation in the labor force. Ibid.

K-12 ACHIEVEMENT
ACHIEVEMENT LEVEL
NAEP Mathematics 2015 (4th and 8th grades):
Percent of public school students who score at or
above the "proficient" level in mathematics on the
2015 State NAEP assessment. National Assessment
of Educational Progress, National Center for
Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education,
2015.
NAEP Reading 2015 (4th and 8th grades): Percent
of public school students who score at or above the
"proficient" level in reading on the 2015 State NAEP
assessment. Ibid.

ACHIEVEMENT GAINS
NAEP Mathematics Change 2003-2015 (4th and
8th grades): Change in NAEP scale scores for public
school students between 2003 and 2015. Ibid.
NAEP Reading Change 2003-2015 (4th and 8th
grades): Change in NAEP scale scores for public
school students between 2003 and 2015. Ibid.

POVERTY GAP
Poverty Gap (4th grade reading and 8th grade math):
Scale-score difference in 2015 NAEP achievement
between public school students eligible and noneligible for the National School Lunch Program.
Larger values indicate wider gaps in performance
with higher scores for non-eligible students. Ibid.
Poverty-Gap Change 2003-2015 (4th grade reading
and 8th grade math): Change in the size of the
poverty gap for public school students between 2003
and 2015. Negative values indicate a narrowing gap.
Ibid.

ACHIEVING EXCELLENCE
NAEP Mathematics 2015 Percent Advanced (8th
grade): Percent of public school students who score
at the "advanced" level in mathematics on the 2015
State NAEP assessment. Ibid.
NAEP Mathematics Percent Advanced Change
2003-2015 (8th grade): Change in the percent of
students scoring at the NAEP "advanced" level in
mathematics between 2003 and 2015. Ibid.

HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION
High School Graduation Rate: Percent of public
high school students who graduated on time with a
standard diploma for the 2011-12 school year. The
graduation rate is calculated using the Averaged
Freshman Graduation Rate (AFGR). National Center
for Education Statistics, Public High School FourYear-On-Time Graduation Rates and Event Dropout
Rates: School Years 2010-11 and 2011-12, April 2014.
Change in Graduation Rate: Change in public high
school graduation rate between 2002 and 2012. Ibid.

ADVANCED PLACEMENT
High AP Test Scores: Number of high AP test scores
(3 or above) per 100 students in grades 11 and
12. Analysis is specific to public school students.
Education Week Research Center analysis using:
College Board's AP Summary Reports 2014; U.S.
Department of Education's Common Core of Data
2014.
Change in High AP Scores: Change in the ratio of
high AP scores for public school students between
2000 and 2014. Ibid.

SCHOOL FINANCE
EQUITY
The Education Week Research Center conducted an
original analysis to calculate four distinct indicators
that capture the degree to which education funding
is equitably distributed across the districts within a
state. Calculations for each equity indicator take into
account regional differences in educational costs
and the concentrations of low-income students and
those with disabilities, whose services are more
expensive than average. Students in poverty receive
a weight of 1.2; students with disabilities receive a
weight of 1.9.
Wealth-Neutrality Score: This indicator captures the
degree to which a school district's revenue (state
and local sources) is correlated with its propertybased wealth. Positive values indicate that wealthier
districts have higher revenue levels. Education Week
Research Center analysis using: U.S. Department of
Education's Common Core of Data (CCD) 2011 -12
and 2012-13 (district-level data); NCES Comparable
Wage Index 2013, as updated by Lori Taylor of
Texas A&M University; U.S. Census Bureau's Public
Elementary-Secondary Education Finance Data
for 2013; U.S. Census Bureau's Small-Area Income
and Poverty Estimates 2013; U.S. Department of
Education's School District Demographics data from
the 2008-13 American Community Survey.

McLoone Index: Indicator value is the ratio of the
total amount spent on pupils below the median
to the amount that would be needed to raise all
students to the median per-pupil expenditure in the
state. The index defines perfect equity as a situation
in which every district spends at least as much
as the district serving the median student in the
state (ranked according to per-pupil expenditures).
Education Week Research Center analysis using:
U.S. Department of Education's Common Core of
Data (CCD) 2011-12 and 2012-13 (district-level data);
NCES Comparable Wage Index 2013, as updated
by Lori Taylor of Texas A&M University; U.S. Census
Bureau's Public Elementary-Secondary Education
Finance Data for 2013; U.S. Census Bureau's SmallArea Income and Poverty Estimates 2013.
Coefficient of Variation: This indicator measures
the level of variability in funding across school
districts in a state. The value is calculated by dividing
the standard deviation of per-pupil expenditures
(adjusted for regional cost differences and student
needs) by the state's average spending per pupil. Ibid.
Restricted Range: The restricted range is the
difference between spending levels for the districts
serving students at the 5th and 95th percentiles of
the per-pupil expenditure distribution. Ibid.

SPENDING
Adjusted Per-Pupil Expenditures: Average statewide
per-student spending, adjusted for variations in
regional costs using the NCES Comparable Wage
Index 2013, as updated by Lori Taylor of Texas
A&M University. Education Week Research Center
analysis using: U.S. Census Bureau, Public Education
Finances: 2013, June 2015.
Percent of Students in Districts with PPE at or
Above U.S. Average: Expenditures are adjusted
for regional differences in educational costs and
the concentrations of low-income students and
students with disabilities. Education Week Research
Center analysis using: U.S. Census Bureau's Public
Elementary-Secondary Education Finance Data for
2013; CCD district-level data 2011-12 and 2012-13;
NCES Comparable Wage Index 2013, as updated by
Lori Taylor of Texas A&M University; and U.S. Census
Bureau's Small-Area Income and Poverty Estimates
2013.
Spending Index: Index gauges state spending
according to the percent of students served by
districts spending at or above the national average as
well as the degree to which lower-spending districts
fall short of that national benchmark. Expenditures
are adjusted for regional differences in educational
costs and the concentrations of low-income
students and students with disabilities. Ibid.
Percent of Total Taxable Resources Spent on
Education: Share of state resources spent on K-12
education. Education Week Research Center analysis
using: state and local revenues from the U.S. Census
Bureau, Public Education Finances: 2013, June
2015; 2013 gross-state-product data from the U.S.
Department of Commerce's Bureau of Economic
Analysis.



Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts

Education Week - Quality Counts - January 7, 2016
Inside
Tough Balancing Act on Accountability
Path to Accountability Taking Bold New Turns
Policy Hammers
Highlighting NCLB-Era Research
Student Achievement in the Era of Accountability
Quality Counts at 20
Moving Beyond Just Academics as a Way to Assess Effectiveness
At a Los Angeles School, Carving Safe Spaces to Share and Learn
States Collaborate in Pursuit of Fresh Accountability Ideas
In School Turnaround Efforts, Massachusetts Enlists Districts
Measuring Up: Latest Scorecard Puts States, Nation to the Test
Grading Summary
School Finance
Chance for Success
K-12 Achievement
Methodology
Sources & Notes
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Education Week - Quality Counts - January 7, 2016
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Cover2
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Inside
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Tough Balancing Act on Accountability
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 3
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Path to Accountability Taking Bold New Turns
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 5
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 6
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Policy Hammers
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Highlighting NCLB-Era Research
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 9
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Student Achievement in the Era of Accountability
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 11
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 12
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 13
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Quality Counts at 20
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 15
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Moving Beyond Just Academics as a Way to Assess Effectiveness
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 17
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - At a Los Angeles School, Carving Safe Spaces to Share and Learn
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 19
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - States Collaborate in Pursuit of Fresh Accountability Ideas
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 21
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 22
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - In School Turnaround Efforts, Massachusetts Enlists Districts
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 24
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 25
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Measuring Up: Latest Scorecard Puts States, Nation to the Test
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 27
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Grading Summary
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - School Finance
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Chance for Success
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 31
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - K-12 Achievement
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 33
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - 34
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Methodology
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Sources & Notes
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Cover3
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - Cover4
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - CW1
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - CW2
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - CW3
Education Week - January 7, 2016 - Quality Counts - CW4
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