Education Week - August 31, 2016 - 15 Shane Bevel for Education Week Long-Term Head Start Gains Seen CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 differences between the Head Start students and the comparison group that might affect the magnitude of the results, though they attempted to control for these factors. Addressing 'Fade-Out' The most common critique of Head Start is that its academic benefits fade out by the time children are a few years into elementary school. The touchstone study in this area was the 2009 federally funded National Head Start Impact Study, which followed a group of students who enrolled in Head Start and compared them with another group of students who did not enroll because the program in their area was oversubscribed. (Some of those children did go on to other preschools, or to other Head Start programs that had room for them.) That study found initial positive impacts but also found that by the end of 3rd grade, Head Start students were performing very similarly to their peers. No other Head Start research has matched the large-scale, randomized experimental design of the impact study. But supporters of Head Start have argued that the program offers beneficial "sleeper effects" that are best measured later in a participant's life. These two new studies, while not having the same "gold standard" research design as the federal study, still offer important information, their authors say. The Tulsa research followed children who enrolled in the Head Start program that is run by the Community Action Project of Tulsa. It found that 7th graders who had attended that program had measurably higher math scores than students who had not enrolled in Head Start or in another preschool program that was run by the Tulsa district. The Tulsa research also found that the former Head Start students were less likely to be retained prior to 8th grade: 14 percent of them had been retained, compared with 20 percent of the students in the control group. And while 9 percent of the control group had been absent more than 18 days in the school year, that was true for only 6 percent of the former Head Start students. Phillips said the Tulsa research shows that some academic effects are still measurable, along with nonacademic effects that are important, such as showing up for school regularly. But when breaking out results into subgroups, the Tulsa study did not find any statistically significant Head Start effects on boys and on African-American children. The measurable positive effects were found for girls, Hispanic students, white students, and students who were eligible for free lunches. "This caught us by surprise," Phillips said. "Unfortunately, we do not have a lot of data about what happens in the schools. These kids got a strong boost into school, but something is happening between 3rd and 8th grade that is not supportive of African-American kids and boys." That finding merits deeper research, she said. It's also noteworthy that CAP Tulsa in 2005-06, when these children were enrolled, was different from other Head Start programs. Although Head Start is federally funded, the government does not directly run the programs. Instead, public agencies and community groups such as CAP Tulsa provide space, personnel, materials, and professional development for the Head Start programs they manage. Oklahoma has a universal pre-K program, and CAP Tulsa meets many of the same requirements that the school-run programs do. The lead teachers all have bach- elor's degrees and special training in early childhood, which was not true of all Head Start programs in 2005-06. The teachers are also paid wages that are comparable to public school teachers. The program also scored high on measures of academic instruction and instructional quality. That means the effects seen here might not generalize to Head Start nationally. But Head Start has undertaken a variety of different quality-improvement measures, Phillips said. Lead teachers are now required to have a bachelor's degree, and low-rated programs have been forced to compete for renewed funding. "What's very encouraging today is that the national Head Start program is moving in the direction of what's going on in Tulsa," Phillips said. Impacts on Adulthood Another study of Head Start effects goes much further than middle school. The Hamilton Project, an economic-policy initiative of the Brookings Institution, used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which measures a wide variety of economic and social factors, including whether participants enrolled in Head Start. The researchers compared Head Start participants with their siblings who either attended another Head Start program or did not go to preschool. That study found that participating in Head Start increased a person's likelihood of graduating from high school, pursuing post-highschool education, and completing a post-high-school program, which might include a certificate, associate degree, or bachelor's degree. Another result from the long-term study was that some children who took part in Head Start grew up into adults who invested more in positive parenting practices, such as reading to their child or showing physical affection. That is in comparison with their siblings who attended another preschool program. "This is the first of its kind in terms of a finding, so there's much more to explore here. But it gives us some hope that this will continue to spill over into the next generation," said Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, a coauthor of the research as well as the director of the Hamilton Project. When broken out into subgroups, however, the parenting findings were only significant for former Head Start students who were black. For Hispanic and white participants, the effects were not statistically different from those on their siblings who attended a different preschool. Grover J. "Russ" Whitehurst, the director of the Brown Center on Education Policy at Brookings, said that these studies don't offer proof of Head Start's effectiveness. For the longer-range study, that's because, despite attempts at statistical controls, the studies cannot measure all the factors that might prompt a parent to enroll one child in Head Start and not a sibling. Or, in the case of the Tulsa research, there's no way to determine why one family might seek out Head Start while another family might look for another type of early-care arrangement. "I don't think either of these two studies adds credible information to what we know about the impact of Head Start," Whitehurst said. "The parent was observing something about the child, or observing something about her own circumstances that year. That is almost surely correlated with the measures of later outcomes." Schanzenbach said that the sibling-comparison method used in the Hamilton Project study, which also controlled for a number of additional child, maternal, and household factors, can produce important findings. "What we want to know is what are the long-term impacts of preschool, and we're not going to know that from an experiment unless we have a time machine," Schanzenbach said. But this long-term-evaluation approach "adds a nice new dimension to the broader literature on this really important topic." Head Start employee Melissa Gill, left, welcomes students and parents during the first week of school at the Skelly campus of the program's Community Action Project in Tulsa, Okla. " What we want to know is what are the long-term impacts of preschool, and we're not going to know that from an experiment, unless we have a time machine." DIANE WHITMORE SCHANZENBACH Hamilton Project, Brookings Institution EDUCATION WEEK | August 31, 2016 | www.edweek.org | 15 http://www.edweek.org Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Education Week - August 31, 2016 Education Week - August 31, 2016 Contents Calls to Halt Charters Stir Friction Head Start Benefits Underscored Efforts to Boost Teacher Diversity Seen Falling Short Digital Directions: 1-to-1 Computing Under Microscope in Maine Schools News in Brief Report Roundup Back to School: Taking the Public’s Pulse U.S. State Department Tackles Gender Gap in Stem Participation Act Scores Dip as Participation Swells Are Poor Students More Ready for Kindergarten? Teacher-Tenure Battles Continue After Vergara Judge Blocks Guidance on Transgender Rights Reading the Tea Leaves in Advance of Essa Funding Rules Q&A: With Christopher Emdin Q&A: Talking K-12 With a Force in the House Gop Howard Fuller: The Naacp Has It Wrong Milton Chen & Jonathan B. Jarvis: 100 Years Old, Our National Parks Are the Best Outdoor Classrooms Letters Topschooljobs Recruitment Marketplace David E. Dematthews: The Principal as Community Advocate Education Week - August 31, 2016 - Digital Directions: 1-to-1 Computing Under Microscope in Maine Schools Education Week - August 31, 2016 - 2 Education Week - August 31, 2016 - 3 Education Week - August 31, 2016 - News in Brief Education Week - August 31, 2016 - Report Roundup Education Week - August 31, 2016 - Back to School: Taking the Public’s Pulse Education Week - August 31, 2016 - U.S. State Department Tackles Gender Gap in Stem Participation Education Week - August 31, 2016 - Are Poor Students More Ready for Kindergarten? Education Week - August 31, 2016 - Teacher-Tenure Battles Continue After Vergara Education Week - August 31, 2016 - 10 Education Week - August 31, 2016 - 11 Education Week - August 31, 2016 - 12 Education Week - August 31, 2016 - 13 Education Week - August 31, 2016 - 14 Education Week - August 31, 2016 - 15 Education Week - August 31, 2016 - Reading the Tea Leaves in Advance of Essa Funding Rules Education Week - August 31, 2016 - Q&A: Talking K-12 With a Force in the House Gop Education Week - August 31, 2016 - Howard Fuller: The Naacp Has It Wrong Education Week - August 31, 2016 - Milton Chen & Jonathan B. Jarvis: 100 Years Old, Our National Parks Are the Best Outdoor Classrooms Education Week - August 31, 2016 - 20 Education Week - August 31, 2016 - Letters Education Week - August 31, 2016 - Topschooljobs Recruitment Marketplace Education Week - August 31, 2016 - 23 Education Week - August 31, 2016 - David E. Dematthews: The Principal as Community Advocate Education Week - August 31, 2016 - CT1 Education Week - August 31, 2016 - CT2 Education Week - August 31, 2016 - CT3 Education Week - August 31, 2016 - CT4 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06122019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06032019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05152019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05082019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05012019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04242019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04172019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04102019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04032019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03202019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03132019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03062019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02272019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02202019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02132019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02062019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01232019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01162019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01092019 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12122018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12052018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11282018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11142018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11072018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10312018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10242018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10172018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10102018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10032018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09262018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09192018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09122018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09052018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08292018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08222018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07182018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06202018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06132018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06062018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05302018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05232018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05162018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05092018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05022018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04252018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04182018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04112018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04042018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03212018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03072018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_03072018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02282018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02212018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02142018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02072018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01242018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01172018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01102018 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12132017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11292017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11152017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11082017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11012017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10252017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10182017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10112017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10042017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09272017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09202017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09132017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09062017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08302017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08232017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07192017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06212017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06142017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06072017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05312017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05242017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05172017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05102017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04262017specialreport http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04262017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04192017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04052017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03292017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03222017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03082017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03012017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02222017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02152017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02082017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01252017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01252017specialreport http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01182017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01042017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12142016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12142016v2 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11302016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11162016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11092016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11022016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10262016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10192016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10122016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10052016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09282016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09212016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09142016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09072016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08312016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08242016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08032016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08032016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07202016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01112017 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06082016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/tc_06092016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/dc_06022016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06012016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05182016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_05112016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05112016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04272016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04202016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04132016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03302016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_03302016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03232016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03162016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03092016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02242016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02242016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02172016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02102016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_01272016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01272016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01202016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_01132016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01132016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/qc_01072016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01062016 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12092015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12022015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_11112015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11112015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11042015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10282015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10212015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10212015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10142015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10072015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09302015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_09302015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09232015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09162015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09092015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08262015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08192015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08052015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07082015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06102015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/tc_06112015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/dc_06042015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06032015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05202015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_05132015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05132015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05062015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04222015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_04152015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04152015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04012015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03252015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_03182015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03182015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03042015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02252015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02252015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02182015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02182015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02042015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01282015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01212015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_01212015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01142015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/qc_01082015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01072015 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12102014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12032014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11122014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_11122014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11052014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10292014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10222014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10222014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10152014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10082014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10012014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10012014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09242014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09172014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09102014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08272014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08202014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_08202014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08062014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07092014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06112014_v2 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06112014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/dc_06052014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06042014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05212014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05142014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05072014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_04232014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04232014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04162014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04022014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03262014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/tc_20140313 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03122014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_03052014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03052014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02262014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02192014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02192014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01292014_v2 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02052014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01292014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01222014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01152014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/qc_01092014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01082014 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12112013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12042013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11132013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11062013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10302013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10302013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10232013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10162013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10092013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10022013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10022013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09252013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09182013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09112013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08282013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_08212013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08212013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08072013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_07102013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06122013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/dc_06062013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_06052013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_05222013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05222013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05152013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_05082013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_04242013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04242013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04172013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_04032013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03272013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03132013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/tc_20130314 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_03062013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02272013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02202013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02202013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_02062013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_02062013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01302013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01232013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01162013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/qc_01102013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_01092013 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12122012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_12052012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_11142012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11142012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_11072012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10312012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_10242012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10242012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10172012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10102012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_10032012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09262012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09192012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_09122012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08292012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_08222012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_08222012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_20120829 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_sr_08292012 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_20120822_v2 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_20120822 http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/ew_test http://ew.edweek.org/nxtbooks/epe/diplomascount_2012issue34 http://www.nxtbookMEDIA.com
For optimal viewing of this digital publication, please enable JavaScript and then refresh the page. If you would like to try to load the digital publication without using Flash Player detection, please click here.