Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 8

DIGITAL DIRECTIONS > Tracking news and ideas in educational technology
www.digitaldirections.org

But legal protections
are already in place
By Benjamin Herold
Spurred by President-elect Donald
Trump's promise to deport millions of
undocumented immigrants, some education officials are wrestling with the
possibility that student data might
be used in new ways that could have
harsh consequences for some students
and families.
In recent weeks, the boards of
California's Los Angeles Unified and
Santa Cruz city schools passed resolutions vowing to resist any requests
for student information from federal
immigration officials. State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tom Torlakson supported their stance, calling
on districts throughout the state to
become "safe havens" for immigrant
students. The Denver, Minneapolis,
and District of Columbia school systems also affirmed their commitments
to not share student data that might
imperil undocumented students and
families, unless compelled by law.
"There are certainly records that
could be part of our files that could be
of potential interest in [deportation]
proceedings," said Los Angeles school
board chair Steven Zimmer in an interview. "We are going to protect that
information."
Schools generally do not track
whether students or their families
are in the country illegally. They do,
however, typically collect and store
a wide range of related data, including students' country of origin, home
language, and date of entry into U.S.
schools. Schools also typically maintain "directory information" that
includes students' home addresses
and phone numbers. In some states,
they may also collect and store some
students' Social Security numbers, although schools are by law not allowed
to deny enrollment to a student without such information.
In addition, dozens of state education departments maintain databases
containing information used to deter-

mine if children qualify as immigrants
under federal guidelines. The U.S.
Department of Education operates
the Migrant Student Information Exchange, which allows states to share
educational and health information on
migrant children-many of whom are
immigrants, and some of whom may
be undocumented-who travel across
state lines.
In the era of "big data," such information could easily be combined
with other data sets and used to
make inferences about students' immigration status, said Bill Fitzgerald, the director of the Education
Privacy Initiative at Common
Sense Media. The information held
by schools and states could also be
used to help locate or investigate
individuals who may be subject to
deportation, or to provide tips to immigration enforcement authorities.
However, none of those potential
uses aligns with the original reasons
for the collecting the data. And the
information is legally protected by
federal and state privacy laws, as
well as a 1982 U.S. Supreme Court
ruling that enshrines the right of undocumented children to a free public
education. But since his November
election victory, Trump has nominated immigration hardliners to
key Cabinet and advisory positions.
And though elected officials in many
liberal cities have vowed not to cooperate with federal immigrationenforcement authorities, millions
of Trump supporters embraced his
call for a crackdown on illegal immigration, according to pre-election
surveys by the Pew Research Center.

Nam Y. Huh/AP-File

Trump's Anti-Immigration Rhetoric Fuels Data Concerns

Nancy Villa was brought to the
United States illegally from
Mexico as a child. She has a
work permit through a federal
program started under the
Obama administration called
Deferred Action for Childhood
Arrivals, or DACA. Villa, who
attends Harold Washington
College in Chicago, has three
siblings protected under DACA
and two siblings who are U.S.
citizens.

Students' Legal Protections
The resulting uncertainty alone
could have a big impact on schools
and families, said Monica Bulger, a
senior researcher at Data & Society,
a New York City-based research institute focused on the social and cultural issues arising from increasing
use of data-based technologies.
"My concern is that right now
there is a lot of fear and speculation," Bulger said. "In an anti-

PROTECTING AND SHARING DATA
Some school district leaders are pondering the
implications of shielding-or sharing-with federal
authorities information pertaining to students' immigration
status. Three primary legal frameworks apply:
*	 Privacy: The Family Educational Rights and Privacy
Act prohibits schools from sharing personally
identifiable student information without parental
consent. But the law contains exceptions for
instances in which schools must "comply with a
judicial order or lawfully issued subpoena," and
"directory information," such as name and address,
can be shared if there was prior notification. State
privacy laws would also apply.

ability of undocumented students or the students of
undocumented parents to enroll and attend school,
which has direct implications for the sharing of
student information.
*	 Vendors: The federal Stored Communications Act
would govern any federal requests for student data
collected and stored by technology vendors. The
law allows law-enforcement authorities to access
limited types of information (such as metadata) with
a subpoena, which in some cases may be granted
without judicial oversight. More concrete information
about specific individuals typically requires a courtapproved warrant, which can only be issued with
probable cause.
SOURCE: Education Week

*	 Plyler	v.	Doe: This 1982 U.S. Supreme Court
ruling holds that children in the United States are
entitled to a free public education regardless of their
immigration status. Districts must not "chill" the
Getty

8 | EDUCATION WEEK | January 18, 2017 | www.edweek.org

immigrant environment, any data
can become fair game to penalize
families."
On the campaign trail, Trump
called for the creation of a "deportation force" to round up and remove
all of the country's estimated 11
million undocumented immigrants.
After winning the presidency,
Trump said his immediate priority
will be to deport 2 million to 3 million undocumented immigrants he
believes to have criminal records.
His remarks have not focused on
school-age children.
Trump and his transition team
have offered mixed signals on
whether they might target undocumented immigrants who came to the
United States as children and willingly provided extensive information
to the federal government as part of
President Barack Obama's Deferred
Action for Childhood Arrivals policy.
K-12 schools and districts and state
education departments do not hold
any of the information provided by
those "Dreamers."
Elected officials in hundreds of U.S.
cities and other local jurisdictions
have said they will work to limit
their cooperation with any such plan.
The school board in Minneapolis is among those vowing to not let
authorities from U.S. Immigration
and Customs Enforcement come on
to their physical campuses without
a valid warrant or court order. A
resolution passed in December also
states, "District employees, contractors, volunteers and representatives
shall not, unless compelled by a valid
court order, by law or subsequent to
receiving a signed release, disclose to
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) officers any information
about a student's or family's immigration status."
Such a stance could be tested
under a variety of scenarios.
The most dramatic, but least
likely: a massive federal effort to
mine student records wholesale in
a dragnet-style search for undocumented immigrants.
Such an untargeted approach

would almost certainly face stiff legal
challenges from schools and advocacy
organizations. Two primary factors
would be at play, said Francisco M.
Negrón Jr., the chief counsel for the
National School Boards Association.
The first is privacy laws, especially
the federal Family Educational Rights
and Privacy Act. Under FERPA,
schools are prohibited under most circumstances from sharing personally
identifiable student information without prior parental consent.
And the second is Plyler v. Doe, in
which the Supreme Court ruled that
children in the United States are entitled to receive a free public education, regardless of their immigration
status. The federal departments of
Education and Justice have repeatedly determined that schools may
not pursue policies or practices that
might discourage such students from
enrolling or remaining in school.
Any broad federal requests or demands for data pertaining to students' immigration status that might
"chill students from coming to school"
would be a concern, said Negrón. For
the time being, at least, they would
also seem unlikely to survive a court
challenge or win broad public support.

Anti-Immigration Strategies
Indeed, even hardline immigration
opponents describe the idea of a federal fishing expedition using student
records as far-fetched, and potentially
counterproductive to their cause.
"We should not be enforcing immigration laws at the schoolhouse door,"
said Ira Mehlman, the media director
for the Federation for American Immigration Reform, or FAIR. The organization has been labeled a "hate group"
by the Southern Poverty Law Center,
which cites FAIR's ties to white nationalists and white supremacist
Mehlman dismissed the charge
as "nonsense," saying FAIR does not
support immigration restrictions
based on such characteristics as race
or religion.
Other scenarios are not so easily
dismissed, said a variety of experts


http://www.digitaldirections.org http://www.edweek.org

Education Week - January 18, 2017

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Education Week - January 18, 2017

Education Week - January 18, 2017
States Pencil In Ambitious New ESSA Timelines
Schools Named for the Obamas Mirror Race, Class Divides
Ed. Dept. Facing Culture Shift Under Trump
Fee Hikes on AP Tests Hitting Poor Students
Uncertain Future Seen For Key Federal Studies
News in Brief
Report Roundup
School Systems Confront Shortages of Substitute Teachers
‘Nature Preschools’ Spread Like Weeds
DIGITAL DIRECTIONS: Trump’s Anti-Immigration Rhetoric Fuels Data Concerns
Incident Highlights Bullying Risks for Those With Disabilities
Special Education Case Argued at High Court
State of the States
JEFFREY R. HENIG: Will Betsy DeVos Divide the School Choice Movement?
CATHARINE BIDDLE & DANIELLA HAL: What the Election Actually Reveals About Rural Education
Letters
Policy Suggestions For the New Administration: CATHERINE BROWN: Work Across the Aisle JONATHAN BUTCHER: Empower States MATT GANDAL: Expand Opportunity JACK JENNINGS: Don’t Privatize Education KIMBERLY JENKINS ROBINSON: Make School Choice Fair
Policy Suggestions For the New Administration: CATHERINE BROWN: Work Across the Aisle JONATHAN BUTCHER: Empower States MATT GANDAL: Expand Opportunity JACK JENNINGS: Don’t Privatize Education KIMBERLY JENKINS ROBINSON: Make School Choice Fair
TopSchoolJobs Recruitment Marketplace
JOHN B. KING JR.: A Dispatch From the Outgoing Education Secretary
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - Uncertain Future Seen For Key Federal Studies
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 2
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 3
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - News in Brief
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - Report Roundup
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - School Systems Confront Shortages of Substitute Teachers
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - ‘Nature Preschools’ Spread Like Weeds
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - DIGITAL DIRECTIONS: Trump’s Anti-Immigration Rhetoric Fuels Data Concerns
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 9
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 10
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 11
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 12
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 13
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - Special Education Case Argued at High Court
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - State of the States
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 16
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 17
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 18
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 19
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 20
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 21
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - CATHARINE BIDDLE & DANIELLA HAL: What the Election Actually Reveals About Rural Education
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - Letters
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - Policy Suggestions For the New Administration: CATHERINE BROWN: Work Across the Aisle JONATHAN BUTCHER: Empower States MATT GANDAL: Expand Opportunity JACK JENNINGS: Don’t Privatize Education KIMBERLY JENKINS ROBINSON: Make School Choice Fair
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - Policy Suggestions For the New Administration: CATHERINE BROWN: Work Across the Aisle JONATHAN BUTCHER: Empower States MATT GANDAL: Expand Opportunity JACK JENNINGS: Don’t Privatize Education KIMBERLY JENKINS ROBINSON: Make School Choice Fair
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - TopSchoolJobs Recruitment Marketplace
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - 27
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - JOHN B. KING JR.: A Dispatch From the Outgoing Education Secretary
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - CT1
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - CT2
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - CT3
Education Week - January 18, 2017 - CT4
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